To Create the Perfect Machine, Soldiers Build a Robot Out of Robots

To Create the Perfect Machine, Soldiers Build a Robot Out of Robots | Popular Science@import "/files/css/a1c433465f8fe485195cb11d70c36108.css";@import "/files/css/33f6b7ecb4513ed2fe6c670880a27187.css"; home Login/Register Newsletter Subscribe RSS GadgetsComputersCamerasSmartphonesVideo GamesCarsConceptsHybridsElectric CarsScienceFuture of the EnvironmentEnergyHealthTechnologyMilitaryAviationSpaceRobotsEngineeringDIYProjectsHacksToolsAuto DIYMore From Our Partner: Toolmonger GalleriesVideosColumnsThe GrouseSex FilesGreen Dream Innovation ChallengesHow It WorksFeatures Tweet Digg To Create the Perfect Machine, Soldiers Build a Robot Out of Robots By Clay Dillow Posted 11.08.2011 at 3:49 pm 5 Comments
A Robot Made of Robots via Ares

Over at Fort Benning, soldiers at the Army Expeditionary Warrior Experiment aren’t waiting for military robot makers to come up with the right mix of robotic capabilities. Putting that military penchant for improvisation into practice, soldiers there are mashing up their military robots to give themselves the capabilities they want, piggybacking one robot on top of the other until they get the right mix of gear.

Specifically, soldiers there mounted a TiaLinx Cougar 10 (that’s the robot that can hear your terrified breathing through a concrete wall via radio frequency sensors) on top of a faster and stronger Lockheed Martin Squad Mission Support System (SMSS), a load-bearing unmanned ground vehicle that went to Afghanistan recently for operational testing.

Related ArticlesThis Robot Can Hear Your Frightened Breathing, Even Through WallsA Hexacopter That Sees Motion and Hears Breathing, Even Through WallsHow The First Crowdsourced Military Vehicle Can Remake the Future of Defense ManufacturingTagsTechnology, Clay Dillow, fort benning, lockheed martin, military, military robots, robotics, robots, tialinxThe DIY rig was designed by soldiers at Fort Benning to mitigate some problems they were having with the Cougar 10. While they love the ability to detect a human presence through a wall or obstacle, the Cougar 10 was too slow for teams of soldiers who were trying to quickly sweep and secure multiple buildings. The makeshift solution: piggyback the Cougar 10 aboard the SMSS, which is designed to move at speed and carry up to 600 pounds of payload.

Combined, the two ‘bots performed the mission the soldiers needed it to. But that doesn’t mean a Cougar 10/SMSS blend is a perfect robot by any means. The SMSS is large and loud, unfit for stealthy missions (during another night ambush exercise a SMSS packed with thermal imaging gave away a unit’s position with its engine noise). On the other hand, the Cougar 10 is designed to help soldiers get the drop on their enemies.

But for the mission at hand--sweeping and clearing a series of buildings--it was the right robot for the job. The fact that soldiers were able to quickly build their own customized robot out of robots is cool, both in terms of crafty DIY ingenuity and in terms of the future of modular military robot design.

[Ares]

Previous Article: Bell Labs's Nethead Makes Telepresence Robots Affordable for AllNext Article: Video: A Steerable Remote 'Telexistence' Robot that Transmits Sight, Sound, and Touch to the Operator 5 Comments Link to this comment beantown179 11/08/11 at 6:06 pm

Wait if we let soldiers do this then how will the defense contractors make all their money?

Link to this comment JediMindset 11/08/11 at 6:14 pm

sadly they wouldn't be giving the soldiers the credit and they pay check. think about it this way, soldiers just follow orders. that's their job. so another "superior" telling them to hand over their creations is just another mission.

_________________
The people of the world only divide into two kinds, One sort with brains who hold no religion, The other with religion and no brain.

- Abu-al-Ala al-Marri

Link to this comment tcolguin 11/08/11 at 7:10 pm

If you are working for a company and build a new robot, you don't get it either, it is the companies not yours. Nothing different here.

Link to this comment WhittyMike 11/09/11 at 2:21 pm

These are

the droids we've been looking for...

Link to this comment Zreiser 11/09/11 at 11:21 pm

Yo dawg, I heard you liked robots, so we put a robot on your robot, built out of other robots to help make even more robots for your robots!

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November 2011: Data Is Power

This month, we examine all the ways information is driving our future, from dating to crime to how we see the world.

Plus: turning your smartphone into a wallet, BMW's electric cars, and a space heater with no fan.

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Popular on Popsci Most Viewed TechnologyGallery: A History of Data TheftGallery: A Glass Astronomical Database Goes Digital Gallery: When the Best Tool Is an AnimalArchive Gallery: The Power of Data Most Emailed TechnologyWhen the Best Tool for the Job Is an AnimalGallery: When the Best Tool Is an AnimalVideo: Kinect Provides the Seeing Eye in a Robotic Guide Dog for the BlindNew Super-Black Material Absorbs 99 Percent of All Light That Dares to Strike ItRussia's Phobos-Grunt Mission to Mars is Stuck in Earth Orbit After Engines Fail to FireTo Create the Perfect Machine, Soldiers Build a Robot Out of RobotsVideo: A Steerable Remote 'Telexistence' Robot that Transmits Sight, Sound, and Touch to the OperatorHome 3-D Viewing Equipment Is Getting Smaller and Smaller and SmallerBell Labs's Nethead Makes Telepresence Robots Affordable for AllDoctor Offers Laser Treatment to Permanently Make Brown Eyes Blue Most Commented TechnologyTo Find Alien Cities, Look for City Lights on Distant PlanetsA Texas Sheriff's Department is Launching an Unmanned Helodrone that Could Carry WeaponsThe Unsplittable BitDoctor Offers Laser Treatment to Permanently Make Brown Eyes BlueNew Super-Black Material Absorbs 99 Percent of All Light That Dares to Strike ItThe Glory of Big DataRussia's Phobos-Grunt Mission to Mars is Stuck in Earth Orbit After Engines Fail to FireTo Keep a Steady Stream of Satellites Going Up, DARPA Wants to Launch Them from AirplanesGround-Based Laser Cannon to Turn Space Debris into Self-Powered Flaming De-Orbiting RocketsThe Greatest Data Thefts in History Name Address 1   City State STATE Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware DC Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York N. Carolina N. Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island S. Carolina S. Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington W. Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Zip Code Email Today on PopSci.com The Ten Most Amazing Databases in the World581101211Can Technology Save the Military From a Data Deluge?582371213See The Data-Centric Universe, Then and Now582431214The Santa Cruz Experiment: Can a City's Crime Be Predicted and Prevented?576731215The Glory of Big Data577221216The Most Amazing Science Images of the Week, October 24-28580521217Archive Gallery: The Telephone580511218Gallery: Last Night's Auroras as They Appeared from Across the Hemisphere579731219iPhone 4S Review: Apple's Restraint5798512110Inside the DIY Weapons Workshop of the Libyan Rebels5792612111Archive Gallery: Classic Thrill Rides and Carnival Attractions5776612112 Footer Menu Subscribe to the Print EditionSubscribe to the Digital EditionRenew SubscriptionCustomer ServiceSite MapAbout UsContact UsAdvertisingPrivacy PolicyTerms of UseAbuseRSS FeedsPS Showcase

 

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The perfect clone: Researchers hack RFID smartcards

ScienceDaily (Nov. 3, 2011) — Professional safecrackers use a stethoscope to find the correct combination by listening to the clicks of the lock. Researchers at the Ruhr-University Bochum have now demonstrated how to bypass the security mechanisms of a widely used contactless smartcard in a similar way. Employing so-called "Side-Channel Analysis" the researchers of the Chair for Embedded Security (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christof Paar) can break the cryptography of millions of cards that are used all around the world.

Mathematically secure

RFID smartcards (Radio Frequency Identification) of the type DESFire MF3ICD40 are widely employed in payment and access control systems. The security of these cards is based on Triple-DES, a cipher that is unbreakable from a purely mathematic point of view. DESFire cards are for instance used by the public transport agencies in Melbourne, San Francisco and Prague. The DESFire MF3ICD40 is manufactured by NXP, the former semiconductor division of Philips Electronics.

Fluctuations of the magnetic field

A person is identified as a passenger, employee or customer when his RFID smartcard is placed in the proximity of a reader. To guarantee the necessary level of security, a secret key is stored on the integrated chip inside the card. But just like for the safe, the security mechanism produces the electronic equivalent of the clicks of a mechanic lock. "We measured the power consumption of the chip during the encryption and decryption with a small probe," says David Oswald. The fluctuations of the electro-magnetic field allow the researchers to conclude to the full 112-bit secret key of the smartcard.

Low cost, big damage

Having extracted the keys, an attacker can create an unlimited number of undetectable clones of a given card. The required time and effort are quite low: "For our measurements, we needed a DESFire MF3ICD40 card, an RFID reader, the probe and an oscilloscope to measure the power consumption," says Oswald. This equipment only costs a few thousand euros. Having obtained knowledge on the characteristic properties of the smartcard, the attack takes three to seven hours. The manufacturer NXP confirmed the security hole in the meanwhile and recommends his customers to upgrade to a newer version of the card.

Insufficient countermeasures

Already back in 2008, researchers around Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christof Paar used Side-Channel Analysis to break supposedly secure systems. Three years ago, garage and car doors "mysteriously" opened for the researchers of the Chair for Embedded Security. The employed KeeLoq RFID system -- which customers and manufacturers trusted blindly before -- turned out to be highly susceptible to Side-Channel Analysis, researchers said.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum.

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Scientists and engineers create the 'perfect plastic'

ScienceDaily (Sep. 30, 2011) — Researchers at the University of Leeds and Durham University have solved a long-standing problem that could revolutionize the way new plastics are developed. The breakthrough will allow experts to create the 'perfect plastic' with specific uses and properties by using a high-tech 'recipe book.' It will also increase our ability to recycle plastics. The research paper is published in the journal Science on September 29.

The paper's authors form part of the Microscale Polymer Processing project, a collaboration between academics and industry experts which has spent 10 years exploring how to better build giant 'macromolecules.' These long tangled molecules are the basic components of plastics and dictate their properties during the melting, flowing and forming processes in plastics production.

Low-density polyethylenes (LDPEs) are used in trays and containers, lightweight car parts, recyclable packaging and electrical goods. Up until now, industry developed a plastic then found a use for it, or tried hundreds of different "recipes" to see which worked. This method could save the manufacturing industry time, energy and money.

The mathematical models used put together two pieces of computer code. The first predicts how polymers will flow based on the connections between the string-like molecules they are made from. A second piece of code predicts the shapes that these molecules will take when they are created at a chemical level. These models were enhanced by experiments on carefully synthesised 'perfect polymers' created in labs of the Microscale Polymer Processing project.

Dr. Daniel Read, from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, who led the research, said, "Plastics are used by everybody, every day, but until now their production has been effectively guesswork. This breakthrough means that new plastics can be created more efficiently and with a specific use in mind, with benefits to industry and the environment."

Professor Tom McLeish, formerly of the University of Leeds, now Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research at Durham University leads the Microscale Polymer Processing project. He said, "After years of trying different chemical recipes and finding only a very few provide useable products, this new science provides industry with a toolkit to bring new materials to market faster and more efficiently."

Professor McLeish added that as plastics production moves from oil-based materials to sustainable and renewable materials, the "trial and error" phase in developing new plastics could now be by-passed. He said, "By changing two or three numbers in the computer code, we can adapt all the predictions for new bio-polymer sources."

"This is a wonderful outcome of years of work by this extraordinary team. It's a testimony to the strong collaborative ethos of the UK research groups and global companies involved," he added.

Dr. Ian Robinson of Lucite International, one of the industrial participants in the wider project said, "The insights offered by this approach are comparable to cracking a plastics 'DNA.'"

The model was developed by Dr. Daniel Read, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Dr. Chinmay Das of the School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds and Professor Tom McLeish, Department of Physics, Durham University. Their predictions were compared to the results of polymer analysis by Dr. Dietmar Auhl, at the time a physicist at Leeds.

The research was carried out at the University of Leeds, Durham University, LyondellBasell and Dow Chemical and was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the European Union.

The Microscale Polymer Processing collaboration includes researchers from the universities of Durham, Bradford, Cambridge, Leeds, Nottingham, Oxford, Reading, Sheffield and University College London alongside their industry counterparts from Lucite International, Ineos, LyondellBasell, BASF, Dow Chemical, DSM, and Mitsubishi.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Leeds, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

D. J. Read, D. Auhl, C. Das, J. den Doelder, M. Kapnistos, I. Vittorias, T. C. B. McLeish. Linking Models of Polymerization and Dynamics to Predict Branched Polymer Structure and Flow. Science, 2011; 333 (6051): 1871 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207060

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

View the original article here

Scientists and engineers create the 'perfect plastic'

ScienceDaily (Sep. 30, 2011) — Researchers at the University of Leeds and Durham University have solved a long-standing problem that could revolutionize the way new plastics are developed. The breakthrough will allow experts to create the 'perfect plastic' with specific uses and properties by using a high-tech 'recipe book.' It will also increase our ability to recycle plastics. The research paper is published in the journal Science on September 29.

The paper's authors form part of the Microscale Polymer Processing project, a collaboration between academics and industry experts which has spent 10 years exploring how to better build giant 'macromolecules.' These long tangled molecules are the basic components of plastics and dictate their properties during the melting, flowing and forming processes in plastics production.

Low-density polyethylenes (LDPEs) are used in trays and containers, lightweight car parts, recyclable packaging and electrical goods. Up until now, industry developed a plastic then found a use for it, or tried hundreds of different "recipes" to see which worked. This method could save the manufacturing industry time, energy and money.

The mathematical models used put together two pieces of computer code. The first predicts how polymers will flow based on the connections between the string-like molecules they are made from. A second piece of code predicts the shapes that these molecules will take when they are created at a chemical level. These models were enhanced by experiments on carefully synthesised 'perfect polymers' created in labs of the Microscale Polymer Processing project.

Dr. Daniel Read, from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, who led the research, said, "Plastics are used by everybody, every day, but until now their production has been effectively guesswork. This breakthrough means that new plastics can be created more efficiently and with a specific use in mind, with benefits to industry and the environment."

Professor Tom McLeish, formerly of the University of Leeds, now Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research at Durham University leads the Microscale Polymer Processing project. He said, "After years of trying different chemical recipes and finding only a very few provide useable products, this new science provides industry with a toolkit to bring new materials to market faster and more efficiently."

Professor McLeish added that as plastics production moves from oil-based materials to sustainable and renewable materials, the "trial and error" phase in developing new plastics could now be by-passed. He said, "By changing two or three numbers in the computer code, we can adapt all the predictions for new bio-polymer sources."

"This is a wonderful outcome of years of work by this extraordinary team. It's a testimony to the strong collaborative ethos of the UK research groups and global companies involved," he added.

Dr. Ian Robinson of Lucite International, one of the industrial participants in the wider project said, "The insights offered by this approach are comparable to cracking a plastics 'DNA.'"

The model was developed by Dr. Daniel Read, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Dr. Chinmay Das of the School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds and Professor Tom McLeish, Department of Physics, Durham University. Their predictions were compared to the results of polymer analysis by Dr. Dietmar Auhl, at the time a physicist at Leeds.

The research was carried out at the University of Leeds, Durham University, LyondellBasell and Dow Chemical and was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the European Union.

The Microscale Polymer Processing collaboration includes researchers from the universities of Durham, Bradford, Cambridge, Leeds, Nottingham, Oxford, Reading, Sheffield and University College London alongside their industry counterparts from Lucite International, Ineos, LyondellBasell, BASF, Dow Chemical, DSM, and Mitsubishi.

Recommend this story on Facebook, Twitter,
and Google +1:

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Leeds, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

D. J. Read, D. Auhl, C. Das, J. den Doelder, M. Kapnistos, I. Vittorias, T. C. B. McLeish. Linking Models of Polymerization and Dynamics to Predict Branched Polymer Structure and Flow. Science, 2011; 333 (6051): 1871 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207060

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

View the original article here

Quantum cryptography: Perfect eavesdropper illustrates overlooked loophole in secure communications technology

ScienceDaily (June 14, 2011) — Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an advanced tool for secure computer-based interactions, providing confidential communication between two remote parties by enabling them to construct a shared secret key during the course of their conversation.

QKD is perfectly secure in principle, but researchers have long been aware that loopholes may arise when QKD is put into practice. Now, for the first time, a team of researchers at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University Graduate Center (UNIK) in Norway have created and operated a "perfect eavesdropper" for QKD that exploits just such a loophole in a typical QKD setup. As reported in the most recent issue of Nature Communications, this eavesdropper enabled researchers to obtain an entire shared secret key without alerting either of the legitimate parties that there had been a security breach. The results highlight the importance of identifying imperfections in the implementation of QKD as a first step towards fixing them.

Cryptography has traditionally relied on mathematical conjectures and thus may always be prone to being "cracked" by a clever mathematician who can figure out how to efficiently solve a mathematical puzzle, aided by the continual development of ever-faster computers. Quantum cryptography, however, relies on the laws of physics and should be infinitely more difficult to crack than traditional approaches. While there has been much discussion of the technological vulnerabilities in quantum cryptography that might jeopardize this promise, there have been no successful full field-implemented hacks of QKD security -- until now.

"Quantum key distribution has matured into a true competitor to classical key distribution. This attack highlights where we need to pay attention to ensure the security of this technology," says Christian Kurtsiefer, a professor at the Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore.

In the setup that was tested, researchers at the three institutions demonstrated their eavesdropping attack in realistic conditions over a 290-m fibre link between a transmitter called "Alice" and a receiver called "Bob." Alice transmits light to Bob one photon at a time, and the two build up their secret key by measuring properties of the photons. During multiple QKD sessions over a few hours, the perfect eavesdropper "Eve" obtained the same "secret" key as Bob, while the usual parameters monitored in the QKD exchange were not disturbed -- meaning that Eve remained undetected.

The researchers were able to circumvent the quantum principles that in theory provide QKD its strong security by making the photon detectors in Bob behave in a classical way. The detectors were blinded, essentially overriding the system's ability to detect a breach of security. Furthermore, this technological imperfection in QKD security was breached using off-the-shelf components.

"This confirms that non-idealities in the physical implementations of QKD can be fully and practically exploitable, and must be given increased scrutiny if quantum cryptography is to become highly secure," says Vadim Makarov, a postdoctoral researcher at the University Graduate Center in Kjeller, Norway. "We can not simply delegate the burden of keeping a secret to the laws of quantum physics; we need to carefully investigate the specific devices involved," says Kurtsiefer.

The open publication of how the "perfect eavesdropper" was built has already enabled this particular loophole in QKD to be closed. "I am sure there are other problems that might show that a theoretical security analysis is not necessarily exactly the same as a real-world situation," says Ilja Gerhardt, currently a visiting scholar at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. "But this is the usual game in cryptography -- a secure communications system is created and others try to break into it. In the end this makes the different approaches better."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore.

Journal Reference:

Ilja Gerhardt, Qin Liu, Antía Lamas-Linares, Johannes Skaar, Christian Kurtsiefer, Vadim Makarov. Full-field implementation of a perfect eavesdropper on a quantum cryptography system. Nature Communications, 2011; 2: 349 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1348

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

View the original article here

Quantum cryptography: Perfect eavesdropper illustrates overlooked loophole in secure communications technology

ScienceDaily (June 14, 2011) — Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an advanced tool for secure computer-based interactions, providing confidential communication between two remote parties by enabling them to construct a shared secret key during the course of their conversation.

QKD is perfectly secure in principle, but researchers have long been aware that loopholes may arise when QKD is put into practice. Now, for the first time, a team of researchers at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University Graduate Center (UNIK) in Norway have created and operated a "perfect eavesdropper" for QKD that exploits just such a loophole in a typical QKD setup. As reported in the most recent issue of Nature Communications, this eavesdropper enabled researchers to obtain an entire shared secret key without alerting either of the legitimate parties that there had been a security breach. The results highlight the importance of identifying imperfections in the implementation of QKD as a first step towards fixing them.

Cryptography has traditionally relied on mathematical conjectures and thus may always be prone to being "cracked" by a clever mathematician who can figure out how to efficiently solve a mathematical puzzle, aided by the continual development of ever-faster computers. Quantum cryptography, however, relies on the laws of physics and should be infinitely more difficult to crack than traditional approaches. While there has been much discussion of the technological vulnerabilities in quantum cryptography that might jeopardize this promise, there have been no successful full field-implemented hacks of QKD security -- until now.

"Quantum key distribution has matured into a true competitor to classical key distribution. This attack highlights where we need to pay attention to ensure the security of this technology," says Christian Kurtsiefer, a professor at the Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore.

In the setup that was tested, researchers at the three institutions demonstrated their eavesdropping attack in realistic conditions over a 290-m fibre link between a transmitter called "Alice" and a receiver called "Bob." Alice transmits light to Bob one photon at a time, and the two build up their secret key by measuring properties of the photons. During multiple QKD sessions over a few hours, the perfect eavesdropper "Eve" obtained the same "secret" key as Bob, while the usual parameters monitored in the QKD exchange were not disturbed -- meaning that Eve remained undetected.

The researchers were able to circumvent the quantum principles that in theory provide QKD its strong security by making the photon detectors in Bob behave in a classical way. The detectors were blinded, essentially overriding the system's ability to detect a breach of security. Furthermore, this technological imperfection in QKD security was breached using off-the-shelf components.

"This confirms that non-idealities in the physical implementations of QKD can be fully and practically exploitable, and must be given increased scrutiny if quantum cryptography is to become highly secure," says Vadim Makarov, a postdoctoral researcher at the University Graduate Center in Kjeller, Norway. "We can not simply delegate the burden of keeping a secret to the laws of quantum physics; we need to carefully investigate the specific devices involved," says Kurtsiefer.

The open publication of how the "perfect eavesdropper" was built has already enabled this particular loophole in QKD to be closed. "I am sure there are other problems that might show that a theoretical security analysis is not necessarily exactly the same as a real-world situation," says Ilja Gerhardt, currently a visiting scholar at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. "But this is the usual game in cryptography -- a secure communications system is created and others try to break into it. In the end this makes the different approaches better."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore.

Journal Reference:

Ilja Gerhardt, Qin Liu, Antía Lamas-Linares, Johannes Skaar, Christian Kurtsiefer, Vadim Makarov. Full-field implementation of a perfect eavesdropper on a quantum cryptography system. Nature Communications, 2011; 2: 349 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1348

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

View the original article here