World's most efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes created on plastic

ScienceDaily (Oct. 31, 2011) — Researchers in the University of Toronto's Department of Materials Science & Engineering have developed the world's most efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on plastic. This result enables a flexible form factor, not to mention a less costly, alternative to traditional OLED manufacturing, which currently relies on rigid glass.

The results are reported online in the latest issue of Nature Photonics.

OLEDs provide high-contrast and low-energy displays that are rapidly becoming the dominant technology for advanced electronic screens. They are already used in some cell phone and other smaller-scale applications.

Current state-of-the-art OLEDs are produced using heavy-metal doped glass in order to achieve high efficiency and brightness, which makes them expensive to manufacture, heavy, rigid and fragile.

"For years, the biggest excitement behind OLED technologies has been the potential to effectively produce them on flexible plastic," says Materials Science & Engineering Professor Zheng-Hong Lu, the Canada Research Chair (Tier I) in Organic Optoelectronics.

Using plastic can substantially reduce the cost of production, while providing designers with a more durable and flexible material to use in their products.

The research, which was supervised by Professor Lu and led by PhD Candidates Zhibin Wang and Michael G. Helander, demonstrated the first high-efficiency OLED on plastic. The performance of their device is comparable with the best glass-based OLEDs, while providing the benefits offered by using plastic.

"This discovery, unlocks the full potential of OLEDs, leading the way to energy-efficient, flexible and impact-resistant displays," says Professor Lu.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

Journal Reference:

Z. B. Wang, M. G. Helander, J. Qiu, D. P. Puzzo, M. T. Greiner, Z. M. Hudson, S. Wang, Z. W. Liu, Z. H. Lu. Unlocking the full potential of organic light-emitting diodes on flexible plastic. Nature Photonics, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.259

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The World's Most Failsafe Wireless Bicycle Brake Could Seed a Variety of Super-Safe Technologies

The World's Most Failsafe Wireless Bicycle Brake Could Seed a Variety of Super-Safe Technologies | Popular Science@import "/files/css/e84d5f4ba8aad967aaa06e4d8738305d.css";@import "/files/css/33f6b7ecb4513ed2fe6c670880a27187.css"; home Login/Register Newsletter Subscribe RSS GadgetsComputersCamerasSmartphonesVideo GamesCarsConceptsHybridsElectric CarsScienceFuture of the EnvironmentEnergyHealthPopSci Eco TourTechnologyMilitaryAviationSpaceRobotsEngineeringDIYProjectsHacksToolsAuto DIYMore From Our Partner: Toolmonger GalleriesVideosColumnsThe GrouseSex FilesGreen Dream Innovation ChallengesHow It WorksFeatures Tweet Digg The World's Most Failsafe Wireless Bicycle Brake Could Seed a Variety of Super-Safe Technologies By Clay Dillow Posted 10.13.2011 at 3:30 pm 19 Comments
Saarland University's Holger Hermanns and the Wireless Bike Brake Saarland University

As the world goes increasingly wireless, we’ve learned to tolerate a certain degree of failure in our wireless systems--like when your computer just won’t sync up with the wireless internet at the cafe, or when our phones drop a call. But what about situations when wireless systems simply cannot fail? A failure rate of zero is tough to achieve in any system, but computer scientists at Saarland University in Germany have demonstrated a wireless bicycle brake that works 99.999999999997 percent of the time.

That means in a trillion braking attempts, it fails three times on average. It’s not perfect, mathematically speaking, but for practical purposes it’s pretty close.

Related ArticlesA Bicycle Suspension with Sensors Built In Automatically Adapts to Changing TerrainChainless Bicycle Uses Wire and Pulley System, Eliminating Grease and Increasing Cool FactorThe First Self-Powering Nano-Device That Can Also Transmit Wireless DataTagsTechnology, Clay Dillow, aviation, bicycles, brakes, braking systems, transportation, wireless, wireless systemsThe brake isn’t the usual handlebar brake lever customary on most bikes, and because it is wireless it naturally dispenses with the usual brake cable snaking down the frame of the bicycle to the front or rear wheel. To brake with the wireless system, the rider simply squeezes the rubber grip on the handlebar, which is fitted with pressure sensors. The harder the rider grips, the more pressure is applied to the front wheel brake. The signal sender is about the size of a cigarette pack and fixed to the handlebar. The receiver sits at the end of the bicycles fork and turns wireless radio signals from the grip into mechanical pressure on the front wheel.

That all sounds simple enough for a wireless bicycle brake, but the idea is to create a testbed for wireless technologies that absolutely cannot fail, like those envisioned for future train systems or for commercial jetliners. Starting with a simple handbrake, the Saarland team hopes to build the complex technologies necessary to ensure safety in wireless systems.

After all, brake failure on a bicycle is dangerous. But brake failure on a train could be catastrophic. Three failures in a trillion is a pretty good mark to start improving upon.

Previous Article: Thank You to Dennis Ritchie, Without Whom None of This Would Be HereNext Article: Archive Gallery: Classic Thrill Rides and Carnival Attractions 19 Comments Link to this comment yetihehe 10/13/11 at 4:50 pm

They could make those brakes on trains just like in trucks. They are pneumatic, and for braking pressure is relieved. If there is some malfunction or loss of pressure, there is nothing holding back brakes and you just brake.

Link to this comment bfouts 10/13/11 at 5:45 pm

with a bike break cable, i feel a sense of confidence that my breaks are going to work when i need them

although this is advertised as a 'fail proof' system, it's electronic - and wireless. can radio interference cause this thing to fail? i don't really like the idea of an external source being able to control/disable the breaks to my vehicle

Link to this comment Q 10/13/11 at 6:23 pm

Wonderful! If I can buy it for $20 bucks great!
Now, what are the odds of that, really.

Link to this comment kartman 10/13/11 at 7:20 pm

So can it be jammed? just wondering.....

Link to this comment Sprite 10/13/11 at 8:08 pm

I really am curious of this scientist testing method. The article makes a large point of it and then we are left with nothing. Seems like a interesting to speak about.

What automated test did he do a trillion times that it would only fail 3 times?

Mmm, I do not believe he push the brake button a trillion times, while riding the bike? So yes, his testing had to be automated. So what gadgets and automation did he use?

Besides the new breaking system being of interest; I sure wish to learn more of his testing methods!

How long would it take a person to sit and count up to a trillion?

Trillion... only 3 fails. Somebody observed this.

Link to this comment beefymclovin 10/13/11 at 9:14 pm

great idea. hows it gonna stand up to real world use? water safe? impact safe? would general radio signal interfere with its operations? include battery meters also. bikes fall over and also go thru puddles. would take me a while to trust it without a manual back up

Link to this comment tundrasea 10/13/11 at 10:21 pm

@bfouts: "with a bike break (sic) cable, i feel a sense of confidence that my breaks (sic) are going to work when i need them"

When your brake cable breaks, your sense of confidence won't help you much. (BTW, look for the "Shift" button on your keyboard. You should also learn where the "period" button is located. Your sloppy typing is suitable for personal correspondence, but you shouldn't expect strangers to struggle to read it.)

Link to this comment thor_l33t 10/13/11 at 10:51 pm

First of all to all of you who made comments on this...
The article was describing a research project which investigates how consecutive failures in message transfer may affect the correct functioning. The application of braking a bicycle was selected as an example, however the modeling and statistical analysis can be applied to really any system that has a hard real-time requirement and no obvious fail-safe state.

yetihehe - You are correct that one could conceive a system where the braking system was fail-safe. The point of the article though was to apply this to a system and examine the probabilities in a rigorous physical and mathematical system comparing them.

Sprite - Your comment on "How long would it take a person to sit and count up to a trillion?
Trillion... only 3 fails. Somebody observed this." There are two main types of models made here: deterministic (what you observe) and probabilistic (what you predict). When the article says "99.99999997 probability and that means in a trillion braking attempts, it fails three times on average," the author is actually explaining in lay-terms how this can be perceived. It is not literal, however it is approximate. You can learn more about statistics in school if you are interested in this. To me it is rather boring. As far as the article goes and your remark "Besides the new breaking system being of interest; I sure wish to learn more of his testing methods!" the article is published online at http://www.mpi-sws.org/~vahldiek/papers/wowmom.pdf so you can read all about the testing methods and the data taken.

Kartman - To answer your question of whether it can be jammed...
Yes, most wireless systems can be jammed if there is sufficient RF energy directed at the receiver. In the development of military hardware MIL-STD 462 defines this is as Radiated Susceptibility (RS). Jamming requires a frequency tuning, an object capable of developing enough RF energy, and a transmitter that is directional such that the lobes (areas of concentration) sufficiently exceed the threshold of the receivers signal path. I would not consider a mischievous person being able to build such items only to shut down your braking momentarily while you drive by. It would cost entirely too much time and energy. You could design the system to be robust enough to withstand any latent or ambient RF noise which is more likely of a case.

Link to this comment Tygrys 10/14/11 at 12:16 am

The grips sense pressure to break, but what happens if you ride over a pothole and you instantly squeeze the handles to keep control of the bike; wouldn't that make the system brake unintentionally?

Well, as long as RIM is not the one building/managing the breaks we should be fine.

Link to this comment doitbetternow 10/14/11 at 12:28 am

The article did not say the technology was ready-for -marketplace. Y'all have pointed out several reasons WHY it isn't. Take the article for what its worth - it brings attention to situation where 'No failure' is the only acceptable mode of operation.

Think about it, Tygrys. how does your hand lay on the handlebars when you are braking rather that trying to just keeping a grip on your handlebars on rough terrain? Look to your computer and the touchpad.

Link to this comment gizmowiz 10/14/11 at 1:06 am

So if you put two of the bikes side by side and you brake and the bike next to you........oh boy I can imagine a race with 100 bikes close together when racing all the different frequencies and then the teams trying to mess each other up by sending false signals from the sidelines......

Link to this comment matsci1 10/14/11 at 6:00 am

I do like the advances made in wireless control of actuators and the pressure sensitive breaking strength. This has applications in simplifying the linkage in remote operated equipment.

Link to this comment Sprite 10/14/11 at 6:10 am

I guess it comes back to the market you selling to really. There are those in life with extreme amounts of money, who want gold and platinum bikes and well just to be exotic. They peddle about to be seen. Their bike maybe all decked out with exotic electronic gadgets, bling, bing! So, ok, I can see this being sold.

Then there is the race bicyclist. I just do not see it happening for them. It looks like it makes the bike a lot heavier and complicated, even though the writer and thor_l33t dazzle me with their higher education and vocabulary, but in a way of an excellent used car sales men. Your sales talk is really good, but the Peter Pan principle did not kick in for me, I do not believe. Least not for any sincerely focus speed race biker. I know several things from working with electronics, outside radio frequencies can interfere with you one electronic, batteries do die eventually and electronics do not like a lot of vibration.

And to the average Target, Wal-Mart bicycle, I do not think you gadget could be sold for an extra item on a bike at a cost the general consumer would want.

But hey, what we see in the picture could just be bulky R&D electronics, sure. But later it can be all micro small and encase in water proof plastic, to finally end with being made in South Korea or China and sold back to the USA cheap and then good for the Wal-Mart, Target folk or if the cost is high, put a lot of bling bling on it and sell it to the rich narsstistic folk..

I guess time will tell. I am not sold yet. So for now it’s just interesting R&D gadgetry.

Link to this comment sbkgriffy 10/14/11 at 11:37 am

The range between the transmitter and receiver being so small in a bicycle, they were able to achieve such an unimaginable failsafe result of thrice in a trillion. But in a practical long distant application with interference from other radio frequency sources, is the same result possible? Would be great if found

Link to this comment Tygrys 10/14/11 at 2:08 pm

doitbetternow, I do not like touchpads; sometimes they 'click' when I don't want them to click. Or when I type, the bottom of my palm touches the touchpad and activates a click. I prefer to use a mouse.

I'm not dissing the technology. Like others have pointed out, this technology can be used in some situations but not in all.

Link to this comment JediMindset 10/14/11 at 2:46 pm

video? or it never happened....

_________________
The people of the world only divide into two kinds, One sort with brains who hold no religion, The other with religion and no brain.

- Abu-al-Ala al-Marri

Link to this comment Q 10/14/11 at 2:55 pm

Mr. Holger Hermanns, I ride your bicycle, just so you know.

Link to this comment bargamer 10/14/11 at 6:29 pm

I give them less than 8 hours before the wireless signal gets jammed hacked, an app to do this automatically gets put on the internet, and bicyclists and trains everywhere get trolled.

Seriously, just jump off the bike.

Link to this comment drchuck1 10/15/11 at 5:35 am

@yetihehe...you are correct that trucks have a fail safe built into their pneumatic brake systems; however, the service brakes are operated by increasing the air presure stored in air tanks; the parking breaks are steel springs held back by air presure (the driver opens a valve in the cab to dump the air presure out of the system when parked): the loss of air presure (caused by a mallfunnction of some sort) allows the parking brakes to activate and stop the truck, thus not allowing the truck to be operated without adequate air presure, cheers

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World's First Coins With QR Codes Will Start Circulating in the Netherlands Next Week

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Development in fog harvesting process may make water available to the world’s poor

ScienceDaily (Apr. 25, 2011) — In the arid Namib Desert on the west coast of Africa, one type of beetle has found a distinctive way of surviving. When the morning fog rolls in, the Stenocara gracilipes species, also known as the Namib Beetle, collects water droplets on its bumpy back, then lets the moisture roll down into its mouth, allowing it to drink in an area devoid of flowing water.

What nature has developed, Shreerang Chhatre wants to refine, to help the world's poor. Chhatre is an engineer and aspiring entrepreneur at MIT who works on fog harvesting, the deployment of devices that, like the beetle, attract water droplets and corral the runoff. This way, poor villagers could collect clean water near their homes, instead of spending hours carrying water from distant wells or streams. In pursuing the technical and financial sides of his project, Chhatre is simultaneously a doctoral candidate in chemical engineering at MIT; an MBA student at the MIT Sloan School of Management; and a fellow at MIT's Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship.

Access to water is a pressing global issue: the World Health Organization and UNICEF estimate that nearly 900 million people worldwide live without safe drinking water. The burden of finding and transporting that water falls heavily on women and children. "As a middle-class person, I think it's terrible that the poor have to spend hours a day walking just to obtain a basic necessity," Chhatre says.

A fog-harvesting device consists of a fence-like mesh panel, which attracts droplets, connected to receptacles into which water drips. Chhatre has co-authored published papers on the materials used in these devices, and believes he has improved their efficacy. "The technical component of my research is done," Chhatre says. He is pursuing his work at MIT Sloan and the Legatum Center in order to develop a workable business plan for implementing fog-harvesting devices.

Interest in fog harvesting dates to the 1990s, and increased when new research on Stenocara gracilipes made a splash in 2001. A few technologists saw potential in the concept for people. One Canadian charitable organization, FogQuest, has tested projects in Chile and Guatemala.

Chhatre's training as a chemical engineer has focused on the wettability of materials, their tendency to either absorb or repel liquids (think of a duck's feathers, which repel water). A number of MIT faculty have made advances in this area, including Robert Cohen of the Department of Chemical Engineering; Gareth McKinley of the Department of Mechanical Engineering; and Michael Rubner of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Chhatre, who also received his master's degree in chemical engineering from MIT in 2009, is co-author, with Cohen and McKinley among other researchers, of three published papers on the kinds of fabrics and coatings that affect wettability.

One basic principle of a good fog-harvesting device is that it must have a combination of surfaces that attract and repel water. For instance, the shell of Stenocara gracilipes has bumps that attract water and troughs that repel it; this way, drops collects on the bumps, then run off through the troughs without being absorbed, so that the water reaches the beetle's mouth.

To build fog-harvesting devices that work on a human scale, Chhatre says, "The idea is to use the design principles we developed and extend them to this problem."

To build larger fog harvesters, researchers generally use mesh, rather than a solid surface like a beetle's shell, because a completely impermeable object creates wind currents that will drag water droplets away from it. In this sense, the beetle's physiology is an inspiration for human fog harvesting, not a template. "We tried to replicate what the beetle has, but found this kind of open permeable surface is better," Chhatre says. "The beetle only needs to drink a few micro-liters of water. We want to capture as large a quantity as possible."

In some field tests, fog harvesters have captured one liter of water (roughly a quart) per one square meter of mesh, per day. Chhatre and his colleagues are conducting laboratory tests to improve the water collection ability of existing meshes.

FogQuest workers say there is more to fog harvesting than technology, however. "You have to get the local community to participate from the beginning," says Melissa Rosato, who served as project manager for a FogQuest program that has installed 36 mesh nets in the mountaintop village of Tojquia, Guatemala, and supplies water for 150 people. "They're the ones who are going to be managing and maintaining the equipment." Because women usually collect water for households, Rosato adds, "If women are not involved, chances of a long-term sustainable project are slim."

Whatever Chhatre's success in the laboratory, he agrees it will not be easy to turn fog-harvesting technology into a viable enterprise. "My consumer has little monetary power," he notes. As part of his Legatum fellowship and Sloan studies, Chhatre is analyzing which groups might use his potential product. Chhatre believes the technology could also work on the rural west coast of India, north of Mumbai, where he grew up.

Another possibility is that environmentally aware communities, schools or businesses in developed countries might try fog harvesting to reduce the amount of energy needed to obtain water. "As the number of people and businesses in the world increases and rainfall stays the same, more people will be looking for alternatives," says Robert Schemenauer, the executive director of FogQuest.

Indeed, the importance of water-supply issues globally is one reason Chhatre was selected for his Legatum fellowship.

"We welcomed Shreerang as a Legatum fellow because it is an important problem to solve," notes Iqbal Z. Quadir, director of the Legatum Center. "About one-third of the planet's water that is not saline happens to be in the air. Collecting water from thin air solves several problems, including transportation. If people do not spend time fetching water, they can be productively employed in other things which gives rise to an ability to pay. Thus, if this technology is sufficiently advanced and a meaningful amount of water can be captured, it could be commercially viable some day."

Quadir also feels that if Chhatre manages to sell a sufficient number of collection devices in the developed world, it could contribute to a reduction in price, making it more viable in poor countries. "The aviation industry in its infancy struggled with balloons, but eventually became a viable global industry," Quadir adds. "Shreerang's project addresses multiple problems at the same time and, after all, the water that fills our rivers and lakes comes from air."

That said, fog harvesting remains in its infancy, technologically and commercially, as Chhatre readily recognizes. "This is still a very open problem," he says. "It's a work in progress."

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The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The original article was written by Peter Dizikes.

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